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dc.contributor.authorAngelsen Arilden
dc.contributor.authorWunder, S.en
dc.contributor.authorBabigumira, R.en
dc.contributor.authorBelcher, B.en
dc.contributor.authorB”rner, J.en
dc.contributor.authorSmith-Hall, C.en
dc.date.accessioned2016-06-23T15:04:03Z
dc.date.available2016-06-23T15:04:03Z
dc.date.issued2011en
dc.identifier.citationAngelsen, A., Wunder, S., Babigumira, R., Belcher, B., Börner, J. and Smith-Hall, C. (2011) Environmental incomes and rural livelihoods: a global-comparative assessment. Paper presented at the 4th Wye Global Conference, Rio de Janeiro, 9th -11th November 2011.en
dc.identifier.urihttps://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/11904
dc.description.abstractVarious case studies have suggested that environmental incomes from forests and other vegetation types are important for rural households in developing countries. However, in most large-scale household surveys these income sources are either underreported or ignored, hence there has been a lack of evidence to support the wider applicability of that claim. This paper reports data from the Poverty Environment Network (PEN), which has gathered comparable income data from about 8,000 households in 360 villages and 58 sites, spread over 24 developing countries. The data collection involved a careful, quarterly recording of all forest and environmental uses, as well as other major income sources over one full year. We find that forest income on average constitutes about one fifth of total household income, while adding other environmental income brings the share to more than one fourth – about the same as incomes from growing crops. Environmental resources and agricultural crops are the two main sources of livelihoods in the survey sites. As expected, forest reliance (share of forest income in total household income) is higher for the poorer income quintiles, but the differences are less pronounced than what was found in most previous studies. We also find that safety net and seasonal gap-filling functions may be less important that often assumed. Ignoring environmental incomes in income surveys and in rural development planning would in quantitative terms amount to ignoring that farmers grow crops. Agricultural area expansion into forests and other vegetation types may well come to increase household incomes, but corresponding income losses from losing forest cover and forest degradation could be larger than previously assumed. Depriving poor people of access to forest product extraction, for instance through highly exclusionary conservation policies, could jeopardize the livelihoods of people depending on these resources.en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en
dc.titleEnvironmental incomes and rural livelihoods : a global-comparative assessmenten
dc.typeConference paperen
dc.identifier.externalurihttps://doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii122
dc.identifier.agRES-167-25-0257, ES/E021816/1en
dc.identifier.doi10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii122


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