The Institute of Development Studies and Partner Organisations
Browse

Technological Autonomy or Global Integration: Navigating Vaccine Dependency in LMICs

Download (4.75 MB)
report
posted on 2025-05-02, 09:10 authored by Anabel Marín, Jose Morales

Vaccine hoarding during the Covid-19 pandemic exposed the urgent need for low- and middle-income countries to overcome technological dependency – not only to improve competitiveness and resilience but also to enhance global crisis response. Development scholarship has long emphasised the importance of building a distributed base of technological capabilities. But is technological capacity alone enough?

This paper examines how pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms in five middle-income countries navigated Covid-19 vaccine development and production to address both competitiveness and resilience. We asked: which firms were better positioned to achieve these goals, and why?

We identified two types of firms: technological autonomists, which developed vaccines using in-house research and development; and technology integrators, which relied on licensing and technology transfers from international partners. Although technological capabilities were essential for both, they were not sufficient to bring vaccines to market or scale production. Instead, socio-political capabilities – the ability to navigate regulatory systems, secure institutional support, build legitimacy, and forge strategic alliances – proved decisive.

However, among autonomists, even strong firm-level technological and socio-political capabilities were not enough. A comparison with the UK underscores that robust, well-coordinated state capacities were critical to sustain and scale this more independent path. Our findings highlight the importance of politically embedded innovation systems in building vaccine resilience.

Funding

Innovation and Complentary Capabilities for Vaccines

UK Research and Innovation

Find out more...

History

Publisher

Institute of Development Studies

Citation

Marín, A. and Morales, J. (2025) Technological Autonomy or Global Integration: Navigating Vaccine Dependency in LMICs, IDS Working Paper 621, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/IDS.2025.035

Series

IDS Working Paper 621

Version

  • VoR (Version of Record)

IDS Item Types

IDS Working Paper

Copyright holder

Institute of Development Studies

Country

Argentina Brazil India Indonesia Vietnam United Kingdom

Language

en

IDS team

Business, Markets and the State

Identifier ISBN

978-1-80470-286-4

Identifier ISSN

2040-0209

Pagination

77pp

Usage metrics

    @ IDS Research

    Categories

    No categories selected

    Licence

    Exports

    RefWorks
    BibTeX
    Ref. manager
    Endnote
    DataCite
    NLM
    DC