Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution in Nepal

This rapid evidence review explores the causes and consequences of air pollution in Nepal, focusing on particulate matter (PM2.5) and drawing from academic and grey literature. While evidence is expanding, there are geographical and thematic gaps, notably with more studies conducted in Kathmandu Valley. Major causes include urbanisation, vehicular emissions, brick kilns, and transboundary pollution. Health impacts are severe, reducing life expectancy and causing cardiovascular and lung diseases, with economic costs amounting to over 6% of GDP. Political and environmental dimensions are also crucial, including impacts on education and tourism, and the need for coordinated efforts to address both air quality and climate change.